Chapter 4 Neurons, Hormones, And The Brain - 1699 Words

Patrick Beninga Professor Hanretty PSY 202 Section 16 7 October 2015 Chapter 4: Neurons, Hormones, and the Brain The Nervous System: A Basic Blueprint The Central Nervous System Central Nervous System The par of the nervous system consisting of the brain and the spinal cord interprets information about the senses ex: Touch, Taste, Sound, Smell. Spinal Cord A collection of neurons and supportive tissue running from the base of the brain down the center of the back, protected by a column of bones (the spinal column) acts as a bridge between the brain and the rest of the body spinal reflexes are subconscious Because the brain and spinal cord are connected, reflexes can be influenced by thoughts and emotions example: increased heart rate when nervous Peripheral Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System All portions of the nervous system outside the brain and spinal cord; it includes sensory and motor nerves Sensory Nerves Carry messages from special receptors in the skin, muscles, and other internal and external sense organs to the spinal cord, which sends them to the brain Motor Nerves Carry orders from the central nervous system to muscles, glands, and internal organs Somatic Nervous System the subdivision of the peripheral nervous system that connects to sensory receptors and to skeletal muscles; sometimes called the skeletal nervous system Autonomic nervous system The subdivision of the peripheral nervous system that regulates the internal organs and glands SympatheticShow MoreRelatedMajor Divisions Of The Nervous System1514 Words   |  7 Pagesincludes the brain and spinal cord, the CNS processes information and send commands to the body. †¢ PNS - sensory (afferent nerves) senses stimulus inside and outside the body and send information about the stimulus to the CNS. 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Biological bases of mental life and behaviour Task A. Answer the following five learning objectives [maximum 100 words per objective] 1. Explain the structure of neurons. How do neurons communicate with each other? How does the Endocrine system communicate? A neuron consists of a cell body, axon and dendrites. The cell body has a neuron, which is the control centre that controls and regulates the activities of the neuron. The dendrites are extending inRead MoreLearning : Grow Your Brain Cells1202 Words   |  5 PagesLearning: Grow Your Brain Cells In the book Spark, written by Dr. John J. Ratey, he discusses how exercise can positively affect how your brain works. He provides studies and personal experiences to support the claims he makes. I always knew exercise would improve your life but never could have imagined how much it can affect your brain health as well. The chapter I thought spoke the most to me was chapter two, Learning: Grow Your Brain Cells. The chapter starts out by mentions Naperville, whichRead MoreInfluence on Behavior1104 Words   |  5 Pagesdealing with the nervious actions and the sensese mechanism. Evolutionary Evolutionary psychology is a relatively new discipline that applies the principles of Darwinian natural selection to the study of the human mind. A central claim is that the brain evolved to solve problems encountered by our hunter gatherer ancestors during the upper Pleistocene period over 10000 years ago, a time know as the Environment of Evolutionary Adaptation. Part II: Research Methods Describe research methods usedRead MoreChapter 4 5 Study Guide Essay1225 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Chapter 4 Study Guide 1. What are the two main functions of the sympathetic nervous system? (A) Activating system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations – fight/flight (B) Regulates strong emotional reactions 2. What are the two main functions of the parasympathetic NS? â€Å"Rest and Digest,† Calming system that conserves energy. 3. How do the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems work together (what are some images and metaphors used to describe them)? Read MoreCompare and Contrast the Information Processing Approach, the Parallel Distributed Processing Model, the Levels of Processing Model, and the Traditional Three-Stage Memory Model.623 Words   |  3 PagesChapter 7, 8, amp; 9 1. Compare and contrast the Information Processing Approach, the Parallel Distributed Processing Model, the Levels of Processing Model, and the Traditional Three-stage Memory Model. Information Processing Approach- states that memory is a process, analogous to a computer, where information goes through three basic processes-encoding, storage, and retrieval Parallel Distributed Processing Model- states memory is distributed across a wide network of interconnected neuronsRead MoreHow Neurons Communicate With Each Other Through Electrical And Chemical Processes1845 Words   |  8 PagesDescribe how neurons communicate with each other through electrical and chemical processes. Neurons communicate with each other through an electrochemical process in three steps (Stufflebeam, 2008). An electrical impulse will travel down the axon to axon terminals. This causes the vesicles to open and neurotransmitter molecules are released into the synaptic gap. Neurotransmitter molecules then cross the synaptic gap and enters the receptor sites located on the dendrites of the receiving neuron. The informationRead MoreThe Central Nervous System14042 Words   |  57 PagesOur behaviors, as well as our thoughts and feelings, are produced by the actions of our brains, nerves, muscles, and glands. In this chapter we will begin our journey into the world of psychology by considering the biological makeup of the human being, including the most remarkable of human organs—the brain. We’ll consider the structure of the brain and also the methods that psychologists use to study the brain and to understand how it works. We will see that the body is controlled by an informationRead Moreanatomy 11.21575 Words   |  7 PagesStudy chapter objectives, summaries, and reviews Review your lecture notes ANS Define: denervation hypersensitivity, ganglia, mass activation, sympathoadrenal system, dual innervation. What are the two divisions of the ANS? Where are the neurons for each division located, and what is the major function of each division? What type of neurons (sensory or motor) are in the ANS? What are the names for the two neurons in the ANS system? What size fibers make up the preganglionic neurons? The

Qbt 1 Annotated Bibliography - 2076 Words

Title IX does not currently achieve the bill’s original purpose of equal opportunity between the sexes because the tests used to measure compliance are flawed, the required balance of funding between male and female sports teams is skewed due to revenue sports, and there is a vast amount of misinformation about the results of Title IX hiding its failures. Bentley, Eric (2005) Title IX: The Technical Knockout For Mens Non-Revenue Sports. Journal of Law Education, 33, 139-166. This provides an argument that men’s intercollegiate sports should not be dropped in order to reach Title IX compliance. The article states that colleges should look to increase women’s sports to achieve substantial proportionality rather than the cheaper,†¦show more content†¦In the second test he performs he shows that he does not want to actually achieve a 0.0 rating, but would rather a school have as high of a positive rating as possible declaring a college with a rating of +6.24 as better than +0.54. This trend continues throughout the paper. This source is credible because it is a peer reviewed paper with relevant information regarding the way Title IX is viewed as an affirmative action law. Langton, Victoria (2009). Stop the Bleeding: Title IX and the Disappearance of Mens Collegiate Athletic Teams. Vanderbilt Journal of Entertainment Technology Law, 12, 183-207. This note begins by stating: Circuit courts current interpretation of Title IX and its progeny has led schools to believe that proportionality is the only safe path for avoiding liability under Title IX, even if it means eliminating mens teams. (Langton, 2009). It then proceeds to argue that that the wording of Title IX actually should prohibit such actions and that eliminating male sports teams just achieve â€Å"equality† is actually discrimination based on sex. The note continues saying that the Supreme Court should grant certiorari making the removal of men’s sports to achieve compliance under Title IX illegal. This source is credible because it was published in the Vanderbilt Journal of Entertainment Technology Law with relevant information regarding different

Creole Democracy and the Necklace free essay sample

The election on our place is basically dirty. Politicians who wants to be in the office (of course all of them wants it so bad! ) give people money. Although I don’t think it’s a good strategy, it’s still beneficial (haha), for by that time my afternoon snack wants is not limited because the money that my parents have is considered spendable money. Though they give my parents money to vote them, my parents still votes whom they want to vote besides, they didn’t ask for the money, they handed it over at their own risk. . Freedom is when your decisions are not affected by the unjust laws of your society. It’s when your decisions are expressive but not by any means harms your people. Freedom is when you can do what you want but still with proper guidance and proper tolerance. 3. All of them are victims. We will write a custom essay sample on Creole Democracy and the Necklace or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The boy who’s tasked to be a spy to the other party, he’s a victim of the cruel reality that people pushes you away specially during times that you screwed up and they figured out that you will be of bad publicity on their behalf. The people of Camoruco, they’re victims of the fact that they’re believing a big lie that they can already be a democratic society when the truth is that they can’t even make their own decisions on whom to vote and that their illiterate enough to believe what the politicians tell them. The politicians, they are victims of greed. They wanted to be on the seat so that they can have the powers of controlling their home land. They don’t care if it’s not yet ready, as long as it would be beneficial to them then, thy will be done. . The people of Camoruco think of election in terms of war because they are illiterate and innocent. I figure they’re not ignorant because one of the characters said that he thought that â€Å"conquering† means war because that’s what he knew. Therefore, the true meaning of elections is not on their vocabulary, making them innocent not ignorant. 5. The last paragraph is enclosed in quotation marks because th e boy(the spy) said it. Maybe it’s for the better that she lost the fake necklace. At least in one way or another she might have thought to herself that she don’t have to be vain. That after that incident, she realized that she doesn’t need to look rich and to pretend that she is just because of her pride and vanity. I hope that after she lost the necklace and bankrupted themselves, that she would stop being a social climber. â€Å"The higher they climb, the harder they fall. † 2. If Mme Forestier would allow, I guess I would. It would help a lot, to me financially, to be able to at least get back on track with the money that I might get by selling the necklace. 3. Mathilde is a social climber, super vain, greedy, insecure, and selfish. M Loisel is a loving husband; he gives anything his wife wants. 4. Pretty a nice face, lovely to look at and have an essence of perfection. Charming- isn’t perfect but is very attractive and very capturing. The object might not be lovely but there’s something about it that makes you tucked to it. It charms you Beautiful – is pleasant and lovely

My Role Model-Suhas Gopinath free essay sample

Bangalore boy who launched his own firm at the young age of 14 years. Gopinath (born November 4, 1986) is the CEO and co-founder of Global Inc. -an up- coming IT company that produces Web sites and software, employs 400 people around the world and become a national icon. The Limca Book of Records the Indian version of the Guniess Book of Records lists him as the worlds Youngest CEO. Suhas Gopinath started a software company at the age 14 and since become one of the most remarkable success stories of the Indian IT boom. Now hes 22 and runs a world-class business with 400 employees. In 2005, an investing firm from Houston, Texas offered him $100 million for majority stake in Global. He refused, â€Å"after several months of discussions, admittedly. The reason for his negative response: â€Å"Why should I sell my baby? The transformation During the mid-1990s, the first Internet cafes began opening up in Bangalore, with one going into operation next door to Gopinaths house. We will write a custom essay sample on My Role Model-Suhas Gopinath or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page My brother Shreyas took me there. I was fascinated. The Internet changed my life, he says. He spent every spare minute online. He learned himself how to build Web sites. He spent every rupee he had in the internet cafe, says his mother. Gopinath admits, I had been a good student up until then. After I discovered the internet, I was an average student. Before finding cyberspace, he had dreams of becoming a veterinarian. His first project In 1998, when he was 13, Gopinath launched his first website: www. coolhindustan. com. I wanted to provide Indians all over the world with a forum to post public events, tips for eating out and everything else theyre interested in, he recalls. The Web site became popular including with hackers in Pakistan. They attacked cool Hindustan and replaced the Web sites logo with Cool Pakistan. That was a terrible experience, Suhas says today. He abandoned the project. By then, talent scouts in Silicon Valley had already heard of Suhas Gopinath and the company Network Solutions invited the young Indian to its headquarters in San Jose, California. It was the first time he had ever boarded a plane and the first time he had been Outside Indias borders. They offered me a job. They also would have paid for my education in the United States, he says. His answer, though, was no, why should I do for another company what I could do for my own? About his company L to R: -Suhas Gopinath, former president Abdul Kalam. Gopinath wasnt going to wait four years. He cheated: Along with three friends, he registered his company in San Jose. Online, of course, he says. He wanted to name the company Global Solutions, but that name was already taken. He opted for Global. Today, he still regrets that he wasnt able to start his company in Bangalore. Indias most important politicians know the young man. He was even granted a private conversation with President Abdul Kalam. I told him that the age limit for starting a company has to be removed, Gopinath says. Kalam promised him support, but so far nothing has changed. The law wasnt the only obstacle, though. Potential customers cancelled their orders when they learned their business partner was barely 14. Many people didnt take him seriously he remembers. As soon as he began sprouting facial air, he grew moustache, though he has, on the advice of friends, since shaved it off. Ultimately, Gopinath managed to overcome every obstacle. World gradually spread about his companys abilities and Gopinath hired more and more people and opened up more offices. He became the boss, employer and chief executive all in mid puberty. Most of his employees are just young: The average age is 21 with the oldest being a ripe old 26 and the youngest 12. Gopinath is unable to give the latter a full tim e job that would amount to child labor. But we gave him a computer with internet connection, Gopinath says, Now he works for us sometimes on Web design. 200 Customers the World Over Gopinaths company is into web-based and software solutions, mobile and e-commerce solutions besides making web sites for corporates, advertisers and educational institutions. Meanwhile Global has amassed 200 customers across the globe and now has offices in 11 countries with some 65 percentage of company turn over coming from Europe. The young Indians have become particularly good at identifying unfilled market niches. They developed a software product for schools, for example, allowing a teacher to easily enter grades and attendance and enabling parents to check that their children are showing up to class a kind of electronics class register. The Indian government was thrilled with the idea and recently contracted Global to set up the program in 1,000 schools. Now that he is 21, Gopinath is thinking of transferring the company headquarters to India even though some 125 people now work for Global in San Jose against only 25 in Bangalore. What would be happen to the employees in the United States? WeII see, Gopinath says. The new developments are coming mainly from Bangalore. Going to university on the side L to R: M. R. Gopinath-Suhas father, Shri. M V Rajashekaran-Minister, Suhas Gopinath, Kala Gopinath-Suhas mother) Gopinaths father, M. R Gopinath, once a scientist at the Defense Ministry, now acknowledges that his son made the right choices during the last seven years. They are proud parents, but they still havent let him go. To us, its important that he gets a degree, the father says. Education is the most important thing in India.

THE MODELS OF POLITICS IN THE essays

THE MODELS OF POLITICS IN THE essays Politics, have always existed since the dawn of time, they exist because people argue and disagree, about how they should live, who should govern over whom and how power is distributed or monopolised. We all have different views/beliefs/opinions that we believe to be true and right and the act of reconciling between these differences and bringing these different believes and views together is politics, although this definition itself is political, as there is no true definition of politics for we all see it and define it from different angles and perspectives. This is always a point of debate as it is in politics, which are all about debate. There are 2 main models of politics that are widely known which are in themselves not concrete, politics as a creative compromise and politics as a struggle for power, each have their arguments as to which is viable and productive. This essay will briefly explain and analyse both models of politics while referencing champions of each model with historical background of where each model originated. The next step will be to decide and choose which model is most workable explanation while looking and relating it to an example from the world today. In conclusion it will objectively analyse the chosen model and close the argument. Politics stem from society; it sees politics as a humane and courageous activity. It links politics to society and argues that society needs order and security and this is hard to achieve due to the fact that society is consists of many groups with different ideals, ideologies and opinions which leads to argument and often conflict, this model tells us that politics comes to prevent this, in creative compromise politics are about the bringing together of many opinions and views and reaching a compromise that benefits all. ...For politics represent at least some tolerance of differing truths... Bernard Crick, in defence of politics. It is also about the sha...

Gun Control3 essays

Gun Control3 essays Gun Control Since the days of the pioneers of the United States, firearms have been part of the American tradition as protection and a means of hunting or sport. As we near the end of the 20th century the use of guns has changed significantly. Because of fast and steady increase in crime and the fight for the right to own a hand gun, the introduction of legislation for gun control, to try to reduce the crime in the United States, has been a hotly debated issue in recent years. Although many people feel that gun control violates the right of the people, given in the second amendment "the right to bear arms", controlling distribution and sales and the registration of guns and gun owners is necessary because of the homicide rate involving guns and the violence by criminals using guns. Many people feel that gun control violates the right of the people given in the second amendment the right "to bear arms". Opponents of gun control, including the National Rifle Association, better known as the NRA, argue that the "right To bear arms" is guaranteed in the second amendment of the Constitution of the United States of America and licensing restrictions penalize law-abiding citizens while in no way preventing criminal use of handguns. It is also argued that by making it difficult for guns to be bought and registered for the American public there is a threat to the personal safety of American families everywhere. However controlling the sale and distribution of firearms is necessary because of the homicide rate involving guns. In 1988 there were 9000 handgun related murders in America. Metropolitan centers and some suburban communities of America are setting new records for homicides by handguns. Larger Metropolitan centers have ten times the murder rate of all Western Europe. For example in Washington,D.C. there was an estimated 400 homicides including guns. In addition gun contro...

The stock Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

The stock - Case Study Example Nigel has to establish that the shop owner cannot rely on the exemption clause in the standard terms of the contract. An exemption clause in a contract purports to exclude liability of one of the parties to the contract, under certain circumstances. The Statute sets out that no contract term can exclude or limit liability in any way for negligently causing death or injury1. Furthermore, if there is other loss or damage, liability for negligence cannot be excluded or restricted if the term of notice is unreasonable. Finally, if a contract term or notice makes efforts to exclude or restrict liability for negligence, agreement to or awareness of this is not of itself to be taken as indicative of the voluntary acceptance of any risk2. Nigel was misled by the shop owner in respect of the usage of the rowing machine, in as much as the shop owner asked him to ignore the back pain that had afflicted Nigel after using the rowing machine. Hence, this incident can be classified under misrepresentation of facts, which renders the shop keeper liable for the injuries caused by the defective and unsuitable rowing machine. It is of paramount importance to determine whether the purchaser is a consumer or not. 'Consumer means any natural person who, in contracts covered by these Regulations, is acting for purposes which are outside his trade, business or profession'3. This expressly limits the definition of a consumer to a natural person and not companies. Adhesion contracts or standard form contracts, which present little or no choice to the party who has not drawn up the document, can be used to impose an exclusion clause. As Downes has pointed out, "The imposition of such exemption clauses may be particularly harmful in consumer contracts, where the disequilibrium between the bargaining positions of the parties may be substantial."4 This constitutes the reason for the existence of statutory controls on exclusion clauses, like the Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977 (UCTA) and the Unfair Terms of the Consumer Contract Regulations 1999 (UTCCR). The UCTA applies to the contract for the purchase of the rowing machine by virtue of section 1(3) which states that the Act applies to business liability which is defined as "liability for breach of obligations or duties arising from things done or to be done in the course of a business". The contract entered by Nigel is included by virtue of section 3 which covers consumer contracts and section 12 which states that a person deals as a consumer if he neither makes the contract in the course of a business nor holds himself out as doing so and the shop owner makes the contract in the course of business. Since, Nigel had purchased the Rowing machine for personal use at his residence the shop owner can not exclude liability for the breach of implied terms5. Reasonableness in respect of contract terms is clarified in section 11, which states that this tests if the clause is fair and reasonable "having regard to the circumstances which were, or ought reasonably to have been, known to or in the contemplation of the parties when the

Concert report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Concert report - Essay Example These movements are correspondingly arranged in four sonnets. Again, each of the sonnets is further divided into three distinct sections. Each of these sections corresponds to each of the three movements in the concerto. Thus, Vivaldi’s instrumental music tends to sound extra musical. The second piece to be discussed is how Vivaldi provides varied instructions throughout the four concertos. In the second movement of the spring, Vivaldi provides the instruction of The barking dog. In the first movement of The summer, he provides the instruction of Languor caused the heat, and in the second movement of the movement of The autumn, Vivaldi provides instruction of the drunkards have fallen asleep. The texture of each of his concerto also varies. However, each seems to resemble the respective concerto. The third piece to be discussed is Nielsen’s Symphony No.2, Opus 16, The Temperaments. Through this, Nielsen provides and exclusive thrilling musical experience which is described as a depiction of the essential component of human personality. He provided an excellent conducting whether he emphasized on accuracy of dynamics, articulation, balance as well as phrasing. In conclusion, Vivaldi’s Four Seasons Concert was provided an overall thrilling musical experience. The combination of Violinist Nicola’s and Thierry Fischer made the concert incredible. Through the concert, I discovered how varied movements and instructions can make a musical concert very appealing to the

Achilles - Greek Mythology Essay Example for Free

Achilles Greek Mythology Essay Ancient Greeks lived a very unique lifestyle in their times. They knew no one of Greece. This helped them to live by their own ways and not follow anything that happened outside of Greece because they simply could not. In parts of Greek mythology gods could not interfere with fate and gods intervened directly in mortals lives. There were many examples of these things happening. One aspect learned in the Voyage of Odysseus was gods could not interfere with fate. There were many encounters where fate overpowered gods in Greek mythology. For example, what happened with Polyphemus and Odysseus. Odysseus hurt Polyphemus by tricking him into drinking too much which left him unconscious and defenseless. Odysseus took advantage of this and stabbed him in the eye. He then left and went on his journey home. In the story Polyphemus says, I call upon Poseidon, the god of the sea, whose son am I, to avenge upon you, upon Poseidon to grant that you, Odysseus may never come to your home,or if the gods have ordained your return that you come to it after much toil and suffering, in an evil plight and in a strangers ship, to find sorrow in your home (Colum, 199-200) This proves that gods cannot interfere with fate because Polyphemus called upon Poseidon to interfere with Odysseus’ fate but Poseidon could not, Odysseus got home safely and untouched by Poseidon. He enjoyed a safe journey home. This shows how in the end, Odysseus’ fate overcame Poseidon as a god and what he wished or intended for in the story the Voyage of Odysseus. This is one of the examples of how gods cannot interfere with fate of others. Another aspect was gods intervened directly in mortals lives. This happened more than once, but one of the times was when Achilles hurt his knee during the battle between him and Hector. Achilles states in the story, â€Å"Die, hound. My fate I meet when Zeus and the other gods decree.† (Church 131) Achilles hurt his knee during the battle, and gods cured it so he could  keep running. This is one thing that happened in the Trojan War that explains how gods intervened directly in mortals live. Therefore if Achilles was not cured by the gods he would not able to keep running and would likely not be able to win the battle. Overall, during Greek mythology there were many encounters with goals but we have realized gods could not interfere with fate. Although gods could not interfere with fate they did intervene with mortals lives. After reading Greek mythology what can truly be said about it is it is a very interesting topic to learn about and great for all ages.

Compact Flourescent Lamp and the Environment Essay -- Environmental CF

Compact Flourescent Lamp and the Environment Abstract Technological advances have come a long way since the incandescent light bulb. Today, the compact fluorescent lamp (CFL) is the most energy efficient light bulb on the market. In the beginning, consumers had resistance toward the CFL. With governmental support in establishing energy-efficient lighting programs, the CFL have been able to stay in the market and improve throughout the years. Introduction With the advances in technology today, we are able to produce a variety of energy-efficient products, one of which is the compact fluorescent lamp (CFL). Having come a long way from the energy-absorbing incandescents, CFL is clearly the choice for the future. CFLs potentially could save nonrenewable energy resources and electricity expenses because they are so efficient. When we switch over to the CFL, we no longer have to constantly replace burnt out incandescents because a CFL will last â€Å"10 times [longer than] the average life of the longest-lived incandescents† (Petrowski, 1995). In addition, for only 13 to 15 watts of electricity, the CFL delivers the equivalent light of a 60 or 75 watt incandescent bulb, representing an energy savings of about 80% (Luoma, 1991). Therefore, we no longer have to drill more oil or mine more coal because if these energy efficient lights were installed in all U.S. homes over the next 20 years, â€Å"the savings in energy would equ al the estimated energy content of Alaska’s entire North Slope oil fields† (Miller, 1997). Energy efficient lights could also save U.S. businesses $15-20 billion per year in electricity bills (Miller, 1997). It is evident that the potential benefit for the environment is enormous. Nonetheless... ...rams: Experience and lessons from eight countries. Energy Policy 26:1071-1081. Miller, G. T. Jr. 1997. Environmental Science. 6th ed. New York: Wadsworth. Petrowski, E. M. 1995. A Buyer’s Guide to Light bulbs: New choices can help you create just the right lighting effects in every room- and cut your electricity bill, too. Home Mechanix 46-50. Product announcement. 1999. Long-Life, Energy-Saving Compact: Aero-tech Light Bulb flourescent lamp. Energy User News 24:34-35. Roodman, D.M. 1993. The obsolescent incandescent: replacing the ordinary light bulb with the compact fluorescent camp, CFL. World Watch 6:5-7. Rigdon, J. E. and M. K. Wadman. 1992. New Long-Life Bulbs May Lose Brilliance In a Crowded Market. Wall Street B5. Wald, M. L. 1990. With Bulbs, Light and Price Are the Key Considerations. New York Times 16N.

Can We Decrease Homlessness

Hicks 1 August 16, 2012 Can we decrease homelessness? The essay â€Å"A Modest Proposal† by Jonathan Swift is a brutal satire in which he suggests that the poor families should kill their young children and eat them in order to eliminate the growing number of starving citizens. At this time there was extreme poverty and a wide gap between the poor and the rich, the tenements and the landlords. Throughout the essay Swift uses satire and irony as a way to attack the indifference between classes.Swift is not seriously suggesting cannibalism; he is trying to make known the desperate state of the lower class and the need for a social and moral reform. Although this essay was written in the 1700’s we still have the same issues of homelessness and poverty in today’s modern society. Anna Quindlen Pulitzer Prize award winner author of â€Å"Our Tired, Our Poor, Our Kids,† states â€Å"Today the average homeless woman is younger than ever before, many have been in foster care or in shelters herself and so considers a chaotic childhood the norm† (345).Quindlen talks about the cycle of homelessness and poverty three hundred years after swifts essay. Smith goes to extreme measures to explain his new plan to raise the economic wellbeing of his country. He explains â€Å"what age is too young and what age is too old, in order to eat the Hicks 2 tenants children when they are at their prime juiciness. He also gives a list of suggestions on how to cook them. A young healthy child well nursed, is, at a year old, a most delicious nourishing and wholesome food, whether stewed, roasted, baked, or boiled, and I make no doubt that it will equally serve in a fricassee, or a ragout. (350-352). Although he suggests to sell and cook the homeless babies. Swift is trying to point out the fact that reforms that would be practical and beneficial to the people are being overlooked for the convenience of the rich. Melanie Scheller author of â€Å"On The Mea ning Of Plumbing And Poverty,† writer for North Carolina Independent Weekly, state’s â€Å"My family was visibly and undeniably poor. My clothes were obviously hand-me-downs, I got free lunches at school, I went to the health depertment for immunizations† (356).Like swift Schellar emphasizes on what being in poverty and homeless is like. â€Å"It is a melancholy object to those who walk through this great town or travel in the country, when they see the streets, the roads, and cabin doors, crowded with beggars of the female sex, followed by three, four, or six children, all in rags and importuning every passenger for an alms. These mothers, instead of being able to work for their honest livelihood, are forced to employ all their time in strolling to beg sustenance for their helpless infants† (349).They are trying to get people to understand that not every homeless person has a way to get out and go find work so they can go find work and provide for their f amilies. Hicks 3 Peter Singer author of â€Å"The Singer solution to world Poverty,† an Australian-born philosopher and bioethicist, states â€Å"poverty, hunger, illness, and lack of shelter, these are the things that plague a majority of the people of the world and yet most of us are not even aware of it† (359).He believes that prosperous people should donate all of the money not needed for the basic requirements of life to organizations meant to help those less fortunate that are homeless and/or in poverty. Life swift he is trying to find a way to help those whom need it. Swift says â€Å"with neither house nor clothes to cover them from the inclemencies of the weather, and the most inevitable prospect of entailing the like or greater miseries upon their breed forever† (353). Both Singer and Swift feel the need to help those less fortunate and want other people to know that they can help.The hole meaning is to try and get people to understand that not everyon e is as well of as them, that not everyone can just go off and get a job so they can provide for their families and that is why they end up in poverty and homeless. Swift says â€Å" I profess in the sincerity of my heart, that I have not the least personal interest in endeavoring to promote this necessary work, having no other motive than the public good of my country, by advancing our trade, providing for infants, relieving the poor, and giving some pleasure to the rich† (353).If Swift was around today I believe he would be a great president for the United States of America and that he would actually make a great difference to those in poverty and homeless. Hicks 4 Works cited Ackley, Katherine Anne. Perspectives on Contemporary issues, 4th ed. Boston: Wadsworth, 2006. Print. Quindlen, Anne. â€Å"Our Tired, Our Poor, Our Kids. † Ackley 344-346. Scheller, Melanie. â€Å"On The meaning Of Plumbing And Poverty. † Ackley 354-357. Singer, Peter. â€Å"The Singer Solution To World Poverty. † Ackley 358-362. Swift , Jonathen. â€Å" A Modest Proposal. † Ackley 348-353.

Learning Teams: Shrinking To Fit Essay

Successful teams often have differences among their team members and may sometimes even collapse over these interpersonal conflicts. Teams must strengthen these weaknesses or recruit for the missing competencies if they are to move forward. This case depicts what could and often does happen to a team with no traditional rules of engagement or effective conflict resolution techniques. Alternative Courses of Action The first alternative is to maintain the status quo by allowing Spencer to continue dictating the meeting discussions while the five remaining team members remain complacent, and, in some cases, resentful of Spencer’s domination. The second alternative is to establish a set of engagement rules. This â€Å"set of engagement rules† will establish and define each team member’s roles and responsibilities, their commitment to the group, expectations from each other, and what goals they collectively have towards team accomplishment. Finally, a third alternative in dealing with the interpersonal conflicts affecting team members is to establish strategies on teambuilding and effective interactions among team members. Applying the MBTI tool provides an outline for comprehending differences between personality types, which would encourage the team to learn about themselves and each other. This would further reinforce the team by maximizing each member’s unique strengths (e. g. enhancing each member’s unique expertise) while also minimizing weaknesses (e. g. understanding how a personality type may irritate the team). Recommended Course of Action We recommend the second alternative: establish a â€Å"set of engagement rules. Basis for Recommendation By implementing a set of engagement rules, the team will establish a set goal. Teams need a common goal with performance metrics if they are to be successful. Moreover, to connect individual strengths and personalities, firm ground rules are needed. Additionally, this agreement will assign roles to individual team members. Establishing and defining roles will help team members understand how their various roles working together can achieve the team’s goal. Implementation In order for a team to function efficiently, effective rules of engagement need to be established early. Therefore, the rules of engagement must be implemented immediately. The learning team needs to assign responsibilities to each team member and identify expectations of the team. Additionally, all team members have strengths and weaknesses that allow them to achieve team goals. As such, it is essential that an assignment of team roles and responsibilities be made for maximum team effectiveness. Critique of case: What is missing? Information that would have been helpful includes knowing whether the team had established rules of engagement or not. With the way the team members acted towards one another, it is safe to assume that there was none established. If there was a set rules of engagement established, there was no explanation as to group roles, group norms and culture, what the consequences are for missing meetings, non-participation, bullying, and dominating meetings for instance.

Typography and Keyword End Essay Example

Typography and Keyword End Essay Example Typography and Keyword End Essay Typography and Keyword End Essay Exercise 1 Give a BNF grammar for each of the languages below. For example, a correct answer for the set of all strings consisting of zero or more concatenated copies of the string ab would be this grammar: ab I There are often many correct answers. a. The set of all strings consisting of zero or more as. b. The set of all strings consisting of an uppercase letter followed by zero or more additional characters, each of which is either an uppercase letter or one of the digits O through 9. c. The set of all strings consisting of one or more as. The set of all strings consisting of one or more digits. (Each digit is one of the characters O through 9. ) e. The set of all strings consisting of zero or more as with a semicolon after each one. f. The set of all strings consisting of the keynuord begin, followed by zero or more statements with a semicolon after each one, followed by the keyword end. Use the non-terminal for statements, and do not give productions for it. g. The set of all st rings consisting of one or more as with a semicolon after each ne. h. The set of all strings consisting of the keyword begin, followed by one or more statements with a semicolon after each one, followed by the keyword end. Use the non-terminal for statements, and do not give productions for it. i. The set of all strings consisting of one or more as, with a comma between each a and the next. (There should be no comma before the first or after the last. ) J. The set of all strings consisting of an open bracket (the symbol 0 followed by a list of one or more digits eparated by commas, followed by a closing bracket (the symbol l). . The set of all strings consisting of zero or more as, with a comma between each a and the next. (There should be no comma before the first or after the last. ) l. The set of all strings consisting of an open bracket (the symbol 0 followed by a list of zero or more digits separated by commas, followed by a closing bracket (the symbol l). Exercise 2 Give an EBNF grammar for each of the languages of Exercise 1 . Use the EBNF exten sions wherever possible to simplify the grammars. A few more metasymbols can be added to BNF to help with common patterns of language definition. For example, C, and ) might be added: 1. [something] in the right- hand side of a production means that the something inside is optional. 2. { something } in the right-hand side of a production means that the something inside can be repeated any number of times (zero or more). 3. Parentheses are used to group things on the right-hand side so that l, 0, and 0 can be used in the same production unambiguously. Typography and Keyword End By akosipaw

Best Consulting Firms for MBAs

Best Consulting Firms for MBAs Consulting is a popular career path for business graduates. Many graduates love the idea of providing professional advice for a fee. They also like the salary that comes along with a job at a consulting firm. Consulting is one of the highest paying career paths that an MBA can pursue. If you are interested in a career as a consultant, there are a few consulting firms that you should explore prior to graduation. Parthenon-EY Parthenon-EY offers clients strategy consultancy. They tailor their services to the client and are always on the lookout for top talent. Parthenon-EY pays top dollar to recruit the best and brightest. New MBA graduates who are lucky enough to get a job at Parthenon-EY earn a base annual salary of $170,000. Generous signing bonuses ($35,000) and performance bonuses (up to $9,000) are also available. This makes  Parthenon-EY the highest paying consulting firm for new MBAs. McKinsey Company McKinsey Company is one of the big three consulting firms; the other two are Bain Company and Boston Consulting Group. Collectively, the three are known as MBB.  The New York Times has called McKinsey   Company  the most prestigious management consultancy in the world. So, it should come as no surprise that this management  consulting firm attracts a lot of new MBA graduates. Part of the allure of this company is the  salary offered to new employees. McKinsey Company pays a base salary of $152,500. New employees also receive a sign-on bonus of $25,000 and have a chance to earn performance bonuses up to $35,000. Strategy Strategy is also a global consulting firm with offices around the world. They have large clients in every industry. According to a recent report from Glassdoor,  Strategy is the second-highest paying employer in the United States. They recruit heavily at top business schools and offer a base annual salary of $150,000. New hires also get a $25,000 sign-on bonus and can earn almost $35,000 in performance bonuses. L.E.K. Consulting L.E.K. is a global consulting firm. They have offices in the Americas, Europe, and Asia-Pacific. They are widely considered to be one of the best consulting firms for MBAs. L.E.K. is always looking for new MBA graduates who are well-versed in mergers and acquisitions, corporate  strategy and operations. MBA grads can expect a base salary of $150,000, a sign-on bonus of $25,000 and performance bonuses up to $25,000. DeloitteSO Deloitte  SO is a well-known strategy and operations consulting firm. About 10 years ago, Business Week named Deloitte  SO one of the best places to launch a career, and since then, they have been ranked as one of the most in-demand employers in the world by LinkedIn. Deloitte  SO offers a base salary of $149,000, a sign-on bonus of $25,000 and performance bonuses up to $37,250. What sets them apart from some of the other consulting firms is the fact that Deloitte  SO  likes to reward their returning interns. An intern who works at Deloitte  SO and returns after graduation gets an additional  $17,500  in their sign-on bonus as well as reimbursement for their full 2nd year of MBA tuition; thats a big deal for any MBA student with large student loans. Bain Company As mentioned earlier,  Bain Company  is one of the big three consulting firms. They are considered a very desirable employer, and they are always seeking new MBAs who have experience with  mergers and acquisitions, corporate strategy, finance, and operations. Knowledge of restructuring is also helpful. Like the other large consulting firms, Bain Company offers a high base salary, a sign-on bonus and performance bonuses. The base salary is $148,000. The sign-on bonus is $25,000. And the performance bonus is up to $37,000.   Boston Consulting Group No list of the best consulting firms for MBAs would be complete without Boston Consulting Group  (BCG). They have offices around the world, and their clients include more than two-thirds of Fortune 500 companies. Boston Consulting Group often ranks rather high on the list of  100 Best Companies to Work For put out by Fortune. BCG offers a base salary of  $147,000 a more-generous-than-normal sign-on bonus of $30,000 and performance bonuses up to $44,100.  When you combine all of these figures, Boston Consulting Group becomes one of the highest paying employers for new MBA graduates.   Salary Data The salary data in this article  was obtained from ManagementConsulted.com, a company that compiles salary data collected from their readers, industry insiders, and other sources.

Transparency in public procurement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Transparency in public procurement - Essay Example It is because of these lack of transparency in public procurement that corruption has acquired its definition in that it is defined as the use of public office for public gain, where this lack of transparency does not only contribute to the definition as there have been corruption cases in the private sector, as well. As such, the definition of corruption in public procurement has been perceived and surveyed by different agencies to look into the impacts. Transparency International states that bribery is the most common form of corruption emanating from multinational companies that then provide bribe money from the world’s richest nations in an attempt to clinch contracts meant for public procurement. ... This way, Tabish says that the bribe money that rich corporations pay to receive contracts are usually then factored in the total cost of the contract, which she perceives to mean that the contract or the entire project will cost more than the earlier mentioned price of service and product procurement. She continues to state that the consequence of the lack of transparency is usually more than the bribe received by corrupt individuals seeking to benefit themselves as it all trickles down to the same person that received the bribe. This way, Tabish continues to highlight the price of lack of transparency and how it comes into being discarded by mentioning that cultural norms, ethics and accountability contribute greatly towards transparency or lack of it public procurement.3 As such, it is said that corruption or beach of transparency can be achieved or carried out at any stage in a procurement process meaning that there is not a single phase or project that is safe from corruption. S tudies further indicate that lack of transparency was directly related to systems of functions that involve corruption and the ability to look into projects that have both quality and quantity at high levels.4 This was because, transparency to Tabish, is a clear and concise means to achieve a project free of irregularities at all phases, and even exempt it from manifestation. A special report on E-governance portrays a number of practices, as being the best in ensuring transparency in procurement, where turning all systems to digital and internet based is the way to go. The report quotes Korea as an example of promoting transparency in procurement, where certain conditions must be met prior to a contract award to a company in all of its qualifications or lack of them

Problem question Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Problem question - Essay Example The essay starts by defining criminal law as well as explaining the factors that constitute a crime of such magnitude. The body of the essay will develop through identification of specific crimes in relation to the given scenario involving Ahmed and Blanche in a bid to establish if there is any criminal liability. According to the online HG.org worldwide directories (http://www.hg.org/crime.html), â€Å"criminal law which is often called penal law, involves prosecution by the government of a person for an act that has been classified as a crime.† On the other hand, a crime is further defined as, â€Å"any act or (commission of an act) in violation of a public law forbidding it.† Thus, criminal law forms part of public law. Every citizen of a state has certain duties towards the state and in the interest of the society as a whole, the state prescribes certain norms of conduct that bind all members of the state upon which it has a jurisdiction to punish a person who trans gresses against these (Kleyn & Viljoen 2002). Thus, the persons who commit crime can be prosecuted in a criminal court and punished if found guilty. The punishment will be determined by the level of crime against the accused once convicted of a crime. It must be proved beyond any reasonable doubt that somebody has committed a crime and some facts have been recognised as crimes for many centuries and these mainly emanated from common law and they include but are not limited to the following: murder, robbery, shoplifting, rape, assault, arson as well as bribery among others (Anderson, Dodd & Roos 2003). Where there has been a commission of crimes of such magnitude, it is the state versus the accused whereby the state will initiate the prosecution whereby punishment will be effected once a person has been convicted of a crime. 1 The aim is to prevent further occurrence of similar crimes, punish the offender, rehabilitate and reform the offender as well as to protect the interests of th e society. Criminal law is often considered as the most effective technique that can be used to combat certain wrongful acts of conduct according to the Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy. It is thus seen as an effective way of dealing with certain conducts which are deemed wrongful and violate the prescribed norms in society. In the given case involving Ahmed, the facts are: Ahmed, a diabetic, has left his wife, Blanche, and his son, Calum, for Diva who has given birth to his daughter, Elaine but for two years Blanche who has suffered at Ahmed’s humiliating and violent treatment. It is after Blanche sets alight the flat where Diva and Elaine are killed and Ahmed is overcome with grief, forgets to take his insulin and, before the police arrest Blanche, takes his gun and returns to the former matrimonial home. Indeed, when Blanche opens the door, Ahmed fires at her but misses and kills Calum instead. In this regard, it can be noted that specific crimes are punishable because they threaten the interests of the individuals and society as a whole. It is the duty of the state to ensure that these interests are protected. There are specifically four different groups of crime that can be identified as criminal and these include crimes against: another person, against community mores, against the interest of the state and against another person’s property. (Kleyn & Viljoen 2002). The most serious crime against another’

LastQs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

LastQs - Essay Example In contrast, virtual global companies have teams in all parts of the world that take advantage of the engineering in multiple geographic locations for collaborative and distributed engineering. For instance, global companies such as Microsoft, Intel, and Hewlett-Packard have outsourced their software development organizations mostly in India and Far East (Eppinger & Chitkara, 2006). Conventional global organizations such as Toyota, Siemens and General Motors still rely on certain countries for their engineering talents such as China, America and UK (Eppinger & Chitkara, 2006). The human resource management practices also differ due to the change in culture, organization structure and design. As team members in virtual organizations have never worked together unlike in conventional organizations, working styles of members differ. The practices of team leader in virtual organization is based on building trust by means of constant communication and managing virtual work-cycles and meeti ngs as well as monitor the progress of each team while each of the member benefitting from participation in virtual teams (Malhotra, Majchrzak, & Rosen, 2007). In case of conventional organization, the members of a team are mostly acquainted with one another and can work easily without any communication mismanagement. Francis Fukuyama famously defined some societies (Japan for example) as high-trust societies and some as low-trust societies. Qualify your country on Fukuyama’s categorization. What difficulties would you as a CIO have in setting up a virtual organization working with people from a society with a different level of trust? Based in US, if I want to set up a virtual outsourcing organization in Korea which is a low trust society, I would have to face many difficulties. The first challenge that I would face would be the acceptability in their society due to cultural differences. Therefore, the first thing would be to educate myself about the Korean cultural aspects.

Falling in love Essay Example for Free

Falling in love Essay English romantic poet John Keats was born on October 31st 1795 in London. He lost both parents at an early age and became an apprentice at fifteen with his guardian at his surgery. He became professional in the field but chose to write poetry.  He wrote his best poetry between 1818 and 1819 after falling in love. He died of tuberculosis, the romantic disease, in the autumn of 1856.  La Belle Dame Sans Merci is a very beautiful, magical and captivating poem. It is very mysterious and leaves the reader feeling a little bemused. I had to read this ballad several times before understanding fully what it was about but I think this is only because of the more complex language used. The rhythm is slightly abrupt in places and I think the whole romanticism of this poem would put some readers off. This is a exceptionally beautiful story, very much a fairy tale and is surprisingly simple once the language is mastered. Using many comparisons to nature, the poet strongly emphasizes the wildness of the setting to help back up how wild and naturally beautiful this enchanting woman is.  Beginning with a question and a good one too, this captures attention to the poem easily. Why is the Knight loitering around such a desolate and probably wintered place? And the question is then repeated as if the Knight is in a trance. With a pale face, wrinkles on his brow and a sweat of fever dew he begins to explain in the fourth measure, his story of how he came to be here He met a wild, very beautiful, mystifying woman who, with her faery-like charm wooed him under her spell. She cried and he comforted her. Why was she crying? She then allured him into a dream where he saw many people all pale crying out with large starving mouths in the twilight; La Belle Dame Sans Merci hath thee in thrall! The knight woke sitting on the cold hills side never sleeping, lost in his love for that appealing, beautiful woman who captured him.  There are three stages of tone in this poem: the first, curious and cold, while the second is full of life, beauty and love. In the third section the knight telling the story is quickly brought back to the coldness and death of the hillside where he is cursed to roam. The mystery of this tale helps to captivate the audience and the typical saga of love not being appreciated is something people can strongly relate to making this poem a success!  In La Belle Dame even the romantic French title illustrates beauty whereas Miss Gee is the obvious title for a poem about a very dull person like Miss Gee.  La Belle Dame is a very abstract poem using nature and fairy tale to describe love and heartache. Miss Gee uses unpretentious language and very concrete facts. There is little imagination towards it but this is perfect for conveying such a faint character as Edith Gee. The story of La Belle Dame is about a beautiful woman who captures warriors and princesses with her undying beauty. Unfortunately Miss Gee is the complete opposite- certainly not beautiful and not charming anyone, not even a friend. She would appreciate someone who would be interested in her but the beautiful woman only uses the people who fall for her. The fact that the students who cut up and laugh at Miss Gee are men compares well to the next poem where the woman has power over the men.  The beautiful woman feels no guilt almost making her evil, soul less but Miss Gee even feels guilt for her dreams. This really shows that beauty is only skin deep and Miss Gee never got the chance or had the confidence to prove this Yet through La Belle anyone that got to know her and were captured by her beauty then realized that she was not all she appeared to be- La Belle Dame Sans Merci hath thee in thrall! Both poems take in the issue of loneliness- the brave Knight who can only blame his gullible self and the forlorn Miss Edith who wants so badly to have companionship. Both ballads dont have happy endings- Miss Gees unfortunate death with her body being used for gawking students and the Knight who was left palely loitering.  Overall I preferred La Belle Dame Sans Merci because it is an enchanting story leaving you wondering what happened to the Knight because most fairy tales have a happy ending. The person at the start who asked the question might have helped him escape and the Knight said; that is why I sojourn here. Sojourn means to stay temporarily, which means that maybe the Knight was expecting to break the curse. Being a stereotypical fairytale Knight this escape would be probable.  Miss Gee was sad and deplorable yet it was somewhat realistic- not all lives have a happy ending.

aboriginal medicine Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many of the inequalities in the health of the Aboriginal people can be attributed to the erosion of the Aboriginal culture.(chp.2). Restrictions placed on the cultural practices of the Aboriginal people ultimately led to the abatement of the Aboriginal traditional medicines.(p88). Losing their freedom to practice traditional therapeutics, the Aboriginal people eventually had to adapt to the culturally inappropriate ways of western medicines. The purpose of this paper is to examine the advantages of Aboriginal healing methods for the Aboriginal people, as well as to explain why these traditional methods continued to persist long after western style medicines were introduced. Advantages of Aboriginal Healing Methods for the Aboriginal People   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Traditional healing methods were based upon traditional Aboriginal spirituality beliefs.(p18). This spiritual belief system stated that â€Å"people exist within this context as worthy creatures, but no more worthy than any other being. To live secure, healthy lives through acknowledging and respecting the spiritual as well as the physical world, because there is no difference between the two.†(p71). The whole Aboriginal culture was based around these beliefs. Everyone in the community was treated as equal with acknowledgment and respect. Therefore those who deemed to follow the cultural beliefs had no difficulty in understanding the healing practices of the people. This appreciation of equality and respect was an advantage to the Aboriginal people, especially within their healing methods.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Illness was treated in many ways but the main goal was to achieve a sense of balance and harmony.(p82). Applications of herbs and roots, spiritual intervention, and community wide ritual and ceremonies were all therapeutic practices.(p71). â€Å"It was the healer who held the keys to the supernatural and natural worlds and who interpreted signs, diagnosed disease and provided medicines from the grassland, woodland, and parkland pharmacopoeia.†(p18). The healers knowledge of herbs and roots and ways to administer and diagnose had been passed down from generation to generation.(p85). Healers stood as an advantage for the Aboriginal people. â€Å"Trust and a personal relationships would naturally build between the patient and the healer.†(p77). This must have ... ...be effective for them. The healing practices persisted because they satisfied the needs of the Aboriginal people and because they trusted and understood the healing rituals and practices along with the individuals involved. Isn’t it best to trust what you know?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The nature of traditional medicine and its intimate relationship with Aboriginal culture explains the inadequacy of Western medicine as the primary model of health care for the Aboriginal community. I believe the preservation of the Aboriginal culture is the only true cure for the Aboriginal people. Society today must work on developing an understanding towards each other, and realize that the Aboriginal people are not rebelling against the â€Å"White man† or his ways, rather Aboriginal’s are trying to help their people by going back to what has worked for their ancestors for centuries; and what they feel comfort in.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  word count: 12542 Medicine That Walks Question #4 based on the book by Maureen Lux

How Was Sparta Governed

How was Sparta governed? The Spartan Government Ancient Spartan government was a complex system of intertwined elements, which affected the power control. In many ways, ancient Sparta was a communist state, with the lack of luxuries, other Grecian states enjoyed and the strict control for equality but was complicated with the almost religious need for a democratic vote. Sparta had three levels of government; the Kings’, the Gerousia, the Ephors and the Ekklesia, each having their own requirements, limitations and powers.The Spartan monarchy consisted of 2 kings which governed over Sparta. Unlike other Grecian kings, Spartan Kings had very little power and did not have an autocratic rule over day-to-day life. A Spartan kings’ duties were classified as religious, military, judicial roles. As the head figure of religion in Sparta, the kings were the priests of Zeus, Lacedaemonis and Zeus Uranius. The kings’ family would also worship these gods. As a monthly ritual, the kings were expected to make an animal sacrifice to the god Apollo, as to maintain the pleasure of the gods.This was similar to the sacrifice he would make prior to going to war. As a part of his religious role, the king would appoint two Pythioi who would travel back and forth to consult with the oracle (a possessed priestess whom was said to speak the words of the Gods) at Delphi. During a time of war, only one king would be sent with the battalions, and would be the supreme commander of the army. In the field of battle, the king would have ultimate power over his troops, including the life or death of his army. During the course of the war, the king would have a personal bodyguard of 100 men.Being a part of the royal bodyguard was considered to be one of the greatest honours. Amongst this body guard, 2 members of the Ephor’s would be in attendance, and keep an eye on his activities. They would record any failure or misconduct during a military campaign and could lead to the recall of the army, or punishment of the king. As stated above, the Kings’ power was strictly limited, which is seen in his judicial role. The king was responsible for all matters pertaining to public highways (e. g. the repairs, conflicts, etc).He was responsible for all legal matters in regards to the adoption of children and the power to decide upon the marriage partner of an heiress whose father died. Despite the extremities of limits the kings’ faced he had privileges which were considered as a ‘luxury’ in terms of Spartan society, such as the kings’ being supported at the expense of the state. They would also receive minor honours such as the best seats at religious festivals. During mealtimes, the kings were given the first seats at a banquet and were served first at the Syssitia.During the Syssition the kings would also receive double portions of a meal. Another privilege of the kings, following a successful war campaign, the king (who went to war) would be given a percentage of the spoils of victory. The kings could also receive the skins of any animal that had been sacrificed in a religious ceremony. At the event of a king’s death, all public business would be ceased for a 10 day period, where civilians would wear mourning clothing. During his funeral, the king’s reign would be lauded as being greater than any other previous king.Herodotus describes the role of the kings in The Histories in Book VI (6) as â€Å"The prerogatives of the Spartan kings are these: two priesthoods, of Zeus Lakedaemon†¦ and the power of declaring war on whom they please†. The kings’ role in governing Sparta was more of figure of status, that maintaining any real power outside the battlefields of war. Following the Kings’ power, were the Gerousia. The Gerousia was a group of 28 members (a total of 30, with addition of the kings’). The requirements to join the Gerousia was to be a man sixty years or older, and considered to be too old for warfare.Aristotle describes the Gerousia as â€Å"it might be debated whether they should be continued judges for life and so determine matters of the greatest importance, since the mind has its old age as well as the body†. Being a member of this particular government was considered to be prestigious and ensured the high status of the Spartiate as the position carried on until the death of the individual. The Gerousia was a body whose position it was to prepare and debate bills, which were then passed on to the lower levels of government.Their other main function was to be the head court of justice, and would decide upon treasonous crimes by the citizens. Unlike the kings’ powers having limitations, the Gerousia’s only main limitation was that although it was the court of Justice, it was the Ephors who were the Supreme court of Appeal. From this, the Gerousia is deemed a powerful level of government. The Ephors w ere next in power, below the Gerousia, but considered one of the most powerful bodies of government. The Ephors were a body of 5 men aged 30 and above who had full Spartiate citizenship.These men were supposedly representatives for every village in Sparta. The roles of the Ephors were monitoring the kings’, interactions with the Ekklesia, controlled the education and the Krypteia. As a part of the Ephors, or Ephorate, the citizen had an enormous power over the king. As such, they could monitor the king in his own home, 2 members would join a king should warfare occur and bring could bring him to an account, should he fail to have a successful war campaign. During a time of war, it was also the responsibility of the Ephors to organise the mobilisation of the army.A failure could lead him to defend himself in front of a court of Gerousia and Ephorate members, whose role it was to be the deciders of a king’s fate if prosecuted for wrong-doing. The Ephors were also the sup reme court and supreme court of appeal in Sparta, allowing them significant power over the Spartiates, Inferiors and Helots. In As an Ephor, a Spartiate held much control over the laws in which Sparta was governed. They could introduce legislation, which, without the permission of the Ephors, foreign envoys could not enter into Sparta.They could also create laws for foreign policies and control when meetings of the Ekklesia and Gerousia took place. They would oversee and preside over the meetings, introduce legislation and check on the numerous magistrates in Sparta. Ephorates had the power to control the Krypteia, a secret police for Spartiate boys aged 19 – 24 whose objective was to hunt and kill Helots. The Ephors also had the power to allocate Helots to Spartiate families, who would work domestic jobs for them as serfs. The Ephors also controlled the run the Agoge, or Spartan education system.This was a complex system where boys were sent out at the age of 7 until approxi mately 20 to learn to be warriors. Similar to the Gerousia, the Ephors had limitations to their powers. This included that their time in office was a single year and after that single term, they could not become an Ephor again. After their term in office, the Spartiate would revert to a citizen and it was said that if an Ephor behaved badly during his time in office, he could be trialled for his misdoings. Aristotle provides information on the Ephors stating; â€Å"†¦ he Ephorate†¦ has supreme authority in the most important matters†, which adds to the belief that the Ephors being a key part in government and the running of Sparta. The Ekklesia or as referred to in older books as the Apella, was the assembly of the Spartiate males, who were involved in Spartan politics. Any Spartiate male over the age of 30 who had retained his citizenship was eligible to sit in the assembly. The Ekklesia had the power for legislations, elections, warfare, kingships and Helots.When the Ephors presented legislations to the Ekklesia, the assembly had the right to vote on laws; and they could ratify treaties. The Ekklesia is also responsible for the elections of the Gerousia and Ephors, and deciding which king would go to war with the Army. Although it’s disputed, it was said from c. 700 BC onwards that the Ekklesia had the right to declare war on enemies. When the families of royal lineage disputed over the next monarch, it was the Ekklesia who would ultimately choose who would take the throne.Most disputes originated on the laws of succession, as a male son could not take the throne should he be born prior to his father succeeding the throne. Should that situation arise, it would be passed on to the next male heir. Other succession disputes originate from the lack of male heirs, in which case the throne would be passed on to the nephews of the late king. The Ekklesia was also responsible for the freeing of Helots, should they have done something extremel y courageous on the battle front, to earn their freedom.The Ekklesia had many limitations to their power, as they could not offer amendments to any of the presented legislations. Their democratic votes for laws could be ignored by the higher levels of government (Ephors or Gerousia) or be contradicted by Rider to the Rhetra which was introduced by previous kings, Polydorus and Theopompous. Although the Ekklesia was one of the largest bodies of government in Sparta, it very limited in the influences it could make on Spartan society. Spartan government was a complex set of layers, which had many limitations to the amount of power each layer had.

Professional Dispositions

Professional dispositions are defined as the values, commitments, and professional ethics that influence behaviors towards students, families, colleagues, and communities and effect student learning, motivation, and development as well as the educators own professional growth. Dispositions are guided by beliefs and attitudes related values such as caring, fairness, honesty, responsibility, and social justice, For example they might include a belief that all students can learn, a vision of high and challenging standards, or a commitment to a safe and supportive learning environment (NCATE, 2002). Research shows that attributes of the classroom teacher significantly affect how well students learn. Recently it has become clear that the quality of the education of our children receive depends directly upon the quality of the education of the teachers in our schools. Parents, teachers, educators, and researchers agree that effective teaching happens when the teachers thoroughly know their subjects, have significant teaching skills and possess dispositions that foster growth and learning in students (USCA). Teaching involves more than effective planning, instructional knowledge, and teaching, skills. Professional dispositions also play a big part in the scenario. Teacher education programs bear a responsibility to convey, model, and promote positive standards of professional conduct. They also should maintain screening assessment procedures to assure that teacher candidates with negative dispositions are not permitted to continue in teacher education programs (NCATE 2006). At the beginning of my clinical experience I choose specific professional dispositions that would be reflected upon during my first four weeks in the classroom. Those dispositions included: 1. Believes that students learn in many different ways . Reacts positively to suggestions and opportunities for growth 3. Socially articulate 4. Attendance/punctuality 5. Equity/Diversity 6. Maintains a nurturing, well managed learning environment 7. Maintains student and professional confidentiality 8. Communicates effectively and clearly with students, parents 9. Reflective and effective student engagement 10. Utilizes sta ndards and curriculum guides to create learning goals Since I have been a Para educator working with special education students for the past three years, many of my chosen dispositions were already in place. Now that I am in my second eight weeks of student teaching I still hold true to the dispositions that I choose in the beginning. The only disposition that I had no knowledge of was number 9-Utilizes standards and curriculum guides to create learning goals. This disposition is one that I learned once I was placed in the classroom with my co-op teacher. There was a variety of exceptionalities in my special education classroom and along with those exceptionalities came different learning skills. Those exceptionalities encompass the disposition that students learn in many different ways. This also hold true in the general classroom. There are visual learners as well as kinesthetic learners. This is why teachers must engage their students in many different ways. In my lessons I use a variety of learning techniques such as journals for those students who like to express themselves through writing, and cooperative learning exercises such as concept mapping. Concept mapping helps students connect terms in the material with the theme in that part of the lesson. Videos are also shown to launch a lesson. This helps the students visualize what will be happening in the lesson. Videos are also helpful to ESL students. Pictures help ESL students connect with the lesson. Student teachers should not take constructive criticism in a negative way. Student teachers should always react positively to suggestions and opportunities for growth. My cooperative teacher’s way of acting with me as a student teacher is the same way that she deals with her students. She takes a very active role in guiding me through the whole teaching experience. One thing that she does is make her own materials used in the classroom unavailable to me. This forces me to use my own materials and come up with my own activities for my lessons. I enjoy putting my own lessons together and coming up with my own activities for the students. She also models a very assertive discipline plan which I do feel is my weakest asset. She also gives me a lot of guidance in design and planning of lessons. For example, she told me to effectively teach fifth grade students I should always chunk the material into sections. By breaking the lesson into pieces students will have an easier time remembering the material being taught. By helping me throughout y teaching experience I have learned to react positively to her suggestions. Student teachers should always be socially articulate when speaking with their co-op teachers, administrations, parents and of course their students. Teachers should be role models for their students and language should be the top of the list of teacher priorities. This disposition is very important to me. I took public speakin g as a class in college and I feel that interpersonal skills are important. There is a precise way of speaking and making sure that prefixes and suffixes are clearly pronounced and articulated. Starting on the first day of student teaching I have always been punctual and my attendance has been pristine. I believe that teachers should always be on time. Whether it is for staff meeting or to start the day in their own classroom, students should never walk into a classroom in the morning without the supervision of a teacher. The teacher should always be standing in the doorway ready to greet his or her students to the start of a new day. Teachers should also treat all students fair and should not show partiality to any student in his or her classroom. As the student population in most American classrooms becomes increasingly diverse, teachers should develop a curriculum that meets the needs of all students. Teachers should prepare meaningful engaging lessons for all students regardless of their ethnic or religious background. Maintaining a nurturing, well managed learning environment is crucial to effective classroom management. At the beginning of the school year teachers must establish expectations for student behavior. These expectations should be clearly written in the classroom and should be visible for all students to see. The fifth grade classroom where I am doing my student teaching has a few students that like to challenge the authority of the teacher when it comes to giving an assignment. My co-op teacher has taught me to let the student know that we have thought about the issue, and they will also understand soon why the assignment is valuable to their learning. Teachers also have a responsibility to maintain student confidentiality. This could be as simple as not sharing grades with other students and also not displaying student’s grades. Teachers also should not share information about students with parents through email or by leaving messages on an answering machine. When kids come from divided families, one parent may not have the right to see or hear any information about the child. As a Para-educator I have come across parents in the grocery store who ask me specific questions about their child. I must politely tell them that they must ask their child’s teacher about such information. Teachers should always communicate effectively with students. Teachers should make eye contact when a student is speaking. This tells the student that you are really listening to what they have to say. In the fifth grade classroom I hear student speak a lot of slang. I do not converse with them in this language but I do let them speak as long as their language is appropriate. Teachers should also let their students speak. If a student is trying to tell you something, give him or her opportunity to finish the sentence before jumping in. It is very impolite to interrupt. Some students will ask me if they can speak to me in the hall. If a student is confiding in me I will listen and will not judge them. When planning lessons for the classroom I make sure that my lesson always has an activity. Student engagement is very important for learning. Students in my fifth grade classroom are always actively engaged in lessons through reading, working on interactive whiteboards or doing some type of research in the computer lab. Teachers may prepare flipcharts from Promethean Planet in many different subjects including spelling, language arts and reading vocabulary. Students also interact with each other through collaboration in study groups. Students who are engaged during the lesson have less of a chance for negative behavior. Finally before planning lessons I always check the grade level expectations for that particular lesson. Following grade level expectations is imperative to student learning and success, and what all students should know or be able to do by the end of each grade. Students should be able to achieve these expectations if teachers are fully prepared and committed to following the lesson. Teachers play many roles in the classroom from facilitating education to being a positive role model. I want to be the teacher that my students remember. I want to change lives.